Fewer than one in 10 people hospitalized for an unexplained nosebleed requires invasive treatment to stop the bleeding, a review of nationwide data has found.
About 38 percent of people with nosebleeds so bad they are
admitted to the hospital wind up having their nosebleed resolved with
little or no treatment, according to the study published online Oct. 17
in the journal JAMA Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery.
Clinicians successfully treated another 53 percent of nosebleed
patients either by stuffing the nose with cotton or by cauterizing a
broken blood vessel using heat, electricity or chemicals.
Only about 8 percent of hospitalized nosebleed patients needed
treatment through surgery or by embolization, a process in which doctors
seal off the bleeding vessel from within, the researchers found.
The small minority of patients who needed invasive treatment
faced increased risk and expense, the data showed. For example, the odds
of patients suffering a stroke following embolization were significantly higher than in patients who were treated by packing their nose with cotton.
Study co-author Dr. Jennifer Villwock said the results show why
doctors like to proceed slowly when treating a bad nosebleed, giving the
more conservative options a chance before opting for more invasive
treatments.
"Sometimes it seems like we are putting patients through a lot,
but we are doing it with their best interests in mind because the more
invasive treatments are not without risk," said Villwock, an
otolaryngologist with the State University of New York-Upstate Medical
University, in Syracuse. "If we can get it stopped at the bedside,
that's going to be best for all involved, but that can seem frustrating
when your nose has been bleeding for hours."
Three of every five people will suffer a nosebleed -- also known
by the medical term epistaxis -- in their lifetime, Villwock said.
The nose contains many small blood vessels, and these can be
ruptured easily, she said. Just the act of breathing can dry out and
irritate the lining of the nose, particularly in low humidity or if a
person is suffering from a cold or allergies.
Seasonal changes can also have an impact, an expert explained.
"This is the beginning of nosebleed season, as the weather gets
cold and the heated air is on in most people's houses," said Dr. Lisa
Liberatore, an ear, nose and throat specialist at the New York Head
& Neck Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City. "We're
going to see several patients a day, and I'm sure the emergency room is
going to get their fair share of nosebleeds."
People also can suffer nosebleeds if they have taken a blow to
the nose, are on a blood-thinning medication or have a cancerous lesion
in their nose.
Almost
everyone is able to treat their nosebleed themselves, or receive
successful outpatient treatment at their doctor's office, an urgent-care
clinic or an emergency room, the researchers said. Only 0.2 percent of
nosebleeds require hospitalization, they said.
This study used
nationwide data provided by hospitals to review the care provided to
those hospitalized for a nosebleed. Researchers looked at more than
57,000 patients who were hospitalized for nosebleeds between 2008 and
2010. In all cases reviewed, the nosebleed had occurred spontaneously
and for no apparent reason, Villwock said.
About 4.7 percent of patients underwent arterial ligation, a
surgical procedure that ties off a blood vessel. Another 3.4 percent
underwent embolization, in which a catheter delivers a sealant that
closes off the bad blood vessel.
These treatments are both riskier and pricier, the researchers
said. Embolization carries a five times greater risk of stroke than
nasal packing, with 1.5 percent of people who underwent that procedure
suffering a stroke. About 1.3 percent of people died while undergoing
arterial ligation, a mortality rate nearly twice as high as that of
nasal packing.
At the same time, people receiving embolization paid an average
nearly $66,000 for their hospital stay, more than three times the amount
charged to people treated with nasal packing. Despite this,
embolization patients had average hospital stays about as long as people
receiving other types of treatment for nosebleeds.
Although the study found an association between embolization
treatment for nosebleed and an increased risk of stroke compared to
other treatments, it did not establish a cause-and-effect relationship.
Dr. Richard Rosenfeld, chairman of otolaryngology with the SUNY
Downstate Medical Center in New York City, praised the study. "This is
the best sort of rocket fuel for evidence-based decisions and shared
decision-making for treating [nosebleeds]. If I were a patient going
into the hospital, I'd want to know these numbers. It could tip a little
bit the way people make treatment decisions."
Of the hospitalized patients in the study, "these people are
sick, sick pups. They have a lot of [other existing health conditions],"
Rosenfeld said, including high blood pressure, alcoholism,
kidney failure and lymphoma. "These data might not apply to the average
healthy patient who comes in with a really bad nosebleed."
Rosenfeld said invasive treatments, although more risky, still were incredibly safe.
"Even for the most invasive treatments, most people did very well," he said. "Very few of them had poor outcomes."
Most people can handle their own nosebleeds by keeping their head
parallel to the ground and applying a little ice and pressure, Villwock
said.
"The rule is, if it hasn't stopped within 20 minutes, it's time to come in," she said.
Source: Health Day News
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